In this study, it has been tried to ivestigate Assessment of water erosion of SARAB SEFID VENAEE bourojerd WATERSHED with aid revised model of PSIAC by common a methods of erosion& sediment. First the and feature of water erosion were identified by considering geomorphic forms of region. Then, erosion and sediment of Sarb SEFID WATERSHED was examined with revised model of PSIAC and was investigated by exploiting the sattelite snapshots, field works and sampling differet layers. By examining all nine factors of PSIAC, erosion and sediment of the water was estimated. The map of sensitivity to erosion and sedimentation of different geological component and stone units was obtained using the model idexes and it was showed that the entire WATERSHED is in the medium class of sedimentation. An assessment all nine PSIAC factory &.weith mean of each factor indicated that the effect of lithology on the amount & method of erosion is less than other invairomental factors (medium erosion). & the topological factor was indentified. Also, after determining nine considered factors in PSIAC Model, it shows that the amount of sediment in SARAB SEFID VENAEE is 342/2 m3/km2/year, and the specefic erosion amounts to1194 m3/km2/year. it is concluded that Goorpey component & marn unit kgu, mf has higher sedimentation index comparing to ohter components.

Water resources suitability is one of the most important factors to sustainability utilization of natural potential by rangeland grazing suitability. To determine this factor in short time, low cost and high accuracy are most challenges of experts and ranchers. Using suitable technique for this subject can be sustainable utilization comprising from rangeland ecosystems according to its degradation and heavy grazing. This research was conducted in Boroujerd SARAB SEFID rangeland, Lorestan province, Iran from 2011 to 2012. Some factors such as slope, height and direction maps provided by using satellite images, basic information, analog and digitized maps such as; topographic and DEM (Digital Elevation Model). Also measurements of field were conducted by excursion and interview with herders to determine places of water resources such as permanent and temporary springs and permanent and temporary rivers too. Water resources area's map was prepared by using Arc GIS9.3 software with integration of digitized information and field data. At the end water resources suitability were determined by using three sub models such as quantity, quality and distance from water resources. Results show that all of 16 plant vegetation types were dropped in І and II classes of water resources suitability which didn't have any limitation according to quantity and quality and distance of animal husbandry and livestock. As a final conclusion this research shows that using RS and GIS could be useful to water resources suitability of rangeland ecosystems with low cost and high accuracy and speed, if consider standards and criteria of using GIS and RS.

Honey bee husbandry is one of the multipurpose uses of rangelands that it affects by biotic and abiotic factors that investigated in this study for SARAB-SEFID rangeland of Borujerd County. To evaluation of honey bee husbandry suitability used FAO model include four main model plant cover, weather, topography and distance. Four categories used such as S1 (Suitable), S2 (medium Suitable), S3 (low Suitable) and N (None Suitable). Results show that there is no suitable in April for honey bee husbandry in any part of the area. Also according to mountainous and cold weather in spring and summer subsequently short time to plants growth and according to more grasses families of plants whole area was not in class S1. Honey bee husbandry model in April-May it falls in S3 and N classes with 1152. 67 (19. 66%) and 4711. 76 (80. 43%) hec respectively. In May-June months 883. 42 (15. 06%), 2002. 86 (34. 15%) and 2978. 15 (50. 79%) hec falls in S2, S3 and N classes respectively. This result was obtained for June-July so that 799. 81 (15. 06%), 2437. 79 41. 57%) and 2626. 81 (43. 37%) hec falls in S2, S3 and N classes respectively and for July-August-September 799. 81 (15. 06%) hec in S2 class, 2554. 54 (43. 56%) hec in S3 and 2509. 65 (41. 38%) hec fall in N class. Consequently, best time to honey bee husbandry is May to September months.

Evaluating the sustainability of WATERSHEDs is important since it reveals the change in the status of ecosystems in spatial and temporal dimensions. Regarding this importance, current research focuses on sustainability in SARAB Seydali WATERSHED located in Lorestan province, Iran. For this reason, the WATERSHED Sustainability Index (WSI) and the conceptual framework of HELP, whose criteria are based on hydrology, environment, life and policy, were applied. Considering different variables such as water availability and its changes, acidity and electrical conductivity of water, development of sewage systems, environmental pressure index, vegetation cover, expansion of protected areas, net annual income, human development index and its related changes, level and progress of education, study and implementation of comprehensive water resource and WATERSHED management plans and emphasis on an interactive and logical relationship with the indicators of pressure (P), state (S) and response (R), the sustainability level of the study area was evaluated. The average scores of pressure, state and response indices were estimated as 0. 81, 0. 6 and 0. 37, respectively. Also, the average scores of hydrology, environment, life and policy criteria were 0. 41, 0. 58, 0. 66 and 0. 75, respectively. The results of index evaluation pressure, state and response showed that the WATERSHED's stability score with a value of 0. 6 is in the medium level of stability, that the two factors of hydrology and environment cause a weak level of stability, to improve and improve the stability. It is necessary to think of measures for water resources from increasing productivity, saving and building sewage systems and habitat management through extensive management of areas focusing on pressure, state and response indicators. Extended Abstract 1-Introduction Studying the sustainability of WATERSHEDs is important because it examines all the natural, economic and social aspects of a WATERSHED in a comprehensive and integrated manner and identifies the weak and strong points of the WATERSHED in order to manage it. Therefore, it is necessary for decision-makers and managers to identify the factors affecting the sustainability and change of the status of each factor or criterion at the WATERSHED level in terms of space and time. The WATERSHED sustainability is considered necessary for both the inhabitants of the WATERSHED and for the stability of life in ecosystems, however, this issue has not been given enough attention. One of the WATERSHED sustainability assessment methods is the WATERSHED sustainability index (WSI), which evaluates the sustainability of WATERSHEDs with hydrological, environmental, life and policy criteria of the HELP conceptual framework, with an emphasis on response, state and pressure indicators. 2-Materials and Methods In this study, the SARAB Seydali WATERSHED located in the north of Lorestan province was selected as the study area. Using the WSI index and HELP conceptual framework criteria, aspects of hydrology (quantitative and qualitative), environment, life and policy and variables such as water availability and its changes, acidity and electrical conductivity of water, development of sewage systems, environmental pressure index, vegetation, expansion of protected areas, net annual income, human development index and its related changes, level and progress of education, study and implementation of comprehensive water resources and WATERSHED management plans, points are assigned from zero to one to three indicators of pressure, state and response, in the form of a matrix design. Then, based on the average scores, which are numerical values ​​between zero and one, the level of WATERSHED sustainability is defined based on the WSI index in three categories of low, medium and high sustainability. 3-Results and Discussion The analysis of the pressure index obtained from the results of the assessment of hydrology, environment, life and policy criteria showed that the lowest score for the criterion of hydrology (quantitative and qualitative) with a score of 0. 5, and the highest score is for the life and policy criterion with a score of 1. Also, the average scores for four criteria in the pressure index were calculated as 0. 81. In examining the state index, it was found that the lowest and highest values were ​​for the policy and environment criteria as 0. 25 and 1, respectively, and the average state index score of 0. 62 indicates moderate sustainability. For the response index, the hydrology and environment criterion have the lowest score, i. e., zero, the policy criterion has the highest score, i. e., 1, and the average score of this index for all criteria is 0. 37. The sustainability index of SARAB Seydali WATERSHED was estimated 0. 6. The average scores of the three indicators of pressure, state and response for the criteria of hydrology (quantitative and qualitative), environment, life and policy are 0. 41, 0. 58, 0. 66 and 0. 75, respectively. In order to overcome the weaknesses of sustainability, it is necessary to improve the hydrology criterion in the pressure index, the policy and life criterion in the state index, and the hydrology and environment criterion in the response index. In general, it can be said that the two criteria of hydrology (quantitative and qualitative) and environment are in poor sustainability, the most important reason of which is the lack of financial resources to improve the response index. 4-Conclusion In the SARAB Seydali WATERSHED from the past to the year 2015 year, the annual average discharge has decreased by 1. 1 cubic meters per second, which has made challenges on the water availability, so it is necessary to consider water rights and protection. The need to pay attention to construct the sewage network in this WATERSHED, on the one hand protects water resources from pollution, and on the other hand provides the optimal use of purified and recycled water for non-drinking purposes. In general, the WATERSHED sustainability index (WSI) using the HELP model can provide managers and experts a rational and efficient understanding and attitude by using simple and effective criteria so that they can plan and manage WATERSHEDs comprehensively and do in line with the sustainability of WATERSHEDs.

Forage production suitability is one of the most factors to the sustainable utilization of natural potential by rangeland grazing suitability. To determine this factor in short time, low cost and height accuracy is most challenges of expertise and ranchers. Using a suitable technique for this subject can be sustainable utilization comprising from rangeland ecosystems, according to its degradation and heavy grazing. This research was conducted in Borujerd SARAB SEFID rangeland from 2001 to 2012. Slope, aspect and height maps provided by using satellite imagery, basic information and analog maps and digitized maps such as; topographic and DEM (Digital Elevation Model). Also measurement of field conducted by using clipping and weighting method for estimation of forage, four factors method to range condition, trend balance to range condition trend and physiognomy to typing. Forage production, range condition, ranges condition, trend and typing maps integrated with obtaining and digitized field data in ARCGISÒ9.3 software. At least to become changed to final forage production, sustainability this maps in software by using unity command. Result show that from 16 types, 4 types were in non sustainable, 8 types in class III, 2 types in class II and 2 types in class I of sustainability. As a final conclusion this research and other research show that uses RS and GIS can useful for sustainable management of rangeland ecosystems with height accuracy and speed and low cost if considered standards and criteria of using GIS and RS.

The full text of this article is the Persian language, please for the view full text, refer to Persian Please click here to view the full text of this article

Introduction WATERSHED management projects with different objectives require some kinds of prioritization due to the natural condition prevailing in the WATERSHED, including socio-economic issues, technical and financial constraints. The main purpose of the paper is to provide and apply the concept and techniques of multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) under a fuzzy environment in the prioritization and selection of projects in portfolio management. In order to priority WATERSHED management practices and evaluate the ecological potential of Ferizi and Rig-SEFID WATERSHEDs (Chenaran city, Khorasan Razavi province), the Fuzzy-TOPSIS method has been used as a powerful tool in multi-criteria decision making. Materials and Methods In this study, the preference weights of the criteria were identified using fuzzy AHP. Then, the weights are embraced in fuzzy-TOPSIS to improve the gaps of projects (alternatives) to achieve the organizational objectives as well as interactions between projects. The hybrid Fuzzy-AHP and Fuzzy TOPSIS methods made it more systematic and helpful for the decision maker to choose the best alternative from WATERSHED management practices. In this respect, there are three phases performed in this study, the first phase of data is collected via questionnaire by experts. Next, determining criteria weights via FuzzyAHP was the main purpose of the second phase. In the third phase, the output obtained from Fuzzy-AHP with regard to criteria weights is used as input to be applied in fuzzy-TOPSIS for defining the optimal alternative and capturing the complex relationships between the assessment criteria and alternatives. Results and Discussion The comparison of the prioritization with the Fuzzy-TOPSIS method in this study and studies in 2010 indicate their similarity to some items, while in the second category priorities, the differences are more than the third and fourth priorities. The results indicate that multi-criteria decision models suggest the best location due to the usage of several criteria quantitatively and qualitatively with respect to objectives. In addition, it can be provided valuable information on prioritizing executive operations for integrated WATERSHED management. It is also revealed that in the Fuzzy-TOPSIS technique, calculating the weights of criteria is essential and they can adjust the rating for other projects. Therefore, Fuzzy-TOPSIS will additionally help to select the optimal management project for the decision-making process. Conclusion It was found that many researchers applied many kinds of MCDM methods to help the decision makers understand and have more concentration on the high rank of criteria and also provide the ranking of the best alternatives in different problems and situations.

Snow and snow melt runoff have a major role to play in supplying water. In this study the impact of climate change on runoff caused by snowmelt was studied in SARAB Seyed Ali WATERSHED in north of Lorestan province. In this study, using snow cover level extracted from Landsat 5 and 7 satellite images and climatic data predicted by general circulation model using Lars-WG software snowmelt runoff under three scenarios A1B, A2 and B2 in the year 2010 to 2013 was simulated using the SRM model. The simulation results were evaluated using two statistic including coefficient of determination and volume difference. The value of 0. 87 for the coefficient of explanation and-3. 62 for the volume difference indicates the accuracy of the model. Then, using these three scenarios, the climate parameters for 2020 to 2060 were predicted through general circulation model, then using the predicted climate parameters, the rate of snow cover was estimated through multivariate regression equations and was into to SRM model. The simulation was done for 2020 to 2060. The results showed that the average runoff in November to May for the three scenarios was 4. 3, 4. 4 and 4. 2 m3/s, respectively, while the long-time mean runoff from 1980 to 2013 was 6. 07 m3. However, this decrease in future runoff volume can be justified by the reduction of snow cover.

In the present study, forage quality of three range species including Astragalus gossypinus, Trifolium repens and Poa bulbosa at three phenological stages, (vegetative growth, flowering, seed maturity time) in Borujerd county of Loretan province were evaluated. Data were collected by random sampling using 10 individual plants on transect line in 5 replication. Qualitative indexes were measured and data were compared using ANOVA and Duncan test. Results indicated that DMD is not significant between different species, but it was significant differences (p< 0. 01) among the various phenological stages. The highest and the lowest were 34. 61 and 24. 24% respectively for seeding and before flowering stages. The amount of crude protein was significant at (p< 0. 05) in different species, phenological stages and their interactive effect. The highest and the lowest crude protein were obtained in 21. 06 and 17. 97% in Trifolium repens and Poa bulbosa respectively. The amount of crude fiber was not significant difference between species, on the other hand, in different phenological stages and their interaction was significant at (p< 0. 05). The highest and the lowest of crude fiber were 94. 30 and 20. 86% in seeding time and before flowering phenological stages. The highest and the lowest of amount of ADF were obtained in Poa bulbosa and Trifolium repens with 57. 6 and 31. 26% respectively. According to obtained results, Trifolium repens, Poa bulbosa and Astragalus gossypinus had better forage quality respectively in before flowering stage where this issue indicates the best time for animal grazing is in May and June.

This study aims to assess the effect of grazing intensity on plant species diversity and functional groups in a highland mountains, Toof SEFID WATERSHED, located in 85 km North West of Shahrekord in Charmahal and Bakhtiary province. For sampling, three grazing management area (exclusure, light to moderate grazing, heavy grazing) selected and within each treatment, 300 plots with four square meter were installed along three lines. Shannon diversity indicator, Simpson and species richness and functional groups calculated for each grazing management area and compared using one-way analysis of variance. The results showed all diversity indicators were significantly higher in exclusure (species richness: 14.4, Shannon index: 2.244, and Simpson index: 0.865) compared to light to moderate grazing (species richness: 9.09, Shannon index: 1.377, and Simpson index: 0.617) and heavy grazing (species richness: 10.10, Shannon indicator: 1.536, and Simpson indicator: 0.652). The results indicates that heavy grazing causes reduction only in plant diversity and no changes in functional groups might be occurred in highland; and mountains.